Data Centric Network (Unit 3)

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 Data-Centric Network (Unit 3)

Server Architecture

  • Network Attachment - Interface for the communication between server and client via the network.
  • Network Interface Cards - Provide connectivity between hosts.
    • DMA - Transfers data without involving the system processor.
    • Interrupt coalescing - Reduces the number of interrupts hence reducing delay.
    • Jumbo frames - Support bigger ethernet frames.
  • Server Multihoming
    • Fault tolerance - Only one port is active which upon failure would keep it on standby and the other port take up the load.
    • Load balancing - One port receives all the traffic.
    • Link aggregation - A bunch of ports looks like a single link with equivalent bandwidth.
  • PCI & PCI-X Buses - Bandwidth allocation of 533 MBPS & 1.066 GBPS.
  • Client Server Packet Processing - How the OS handles the processing of IP packets.
  • User mode VS Kernel mode - Interrupt handling & system services etc.
  • Ethernet Driver Server
  • TCP/IP

  • Sockets
    • Listen - Length of receive queue of incoming requests.
    • Accept - Wait for incoming connection requests.
    • Bind - Associates all sockets with a local IP.
    • Read/Write - Enables exchange of data.

TCP & Server Applications

  • Segments, Datagrams & Frames - TCP data, application data processing relocation, etc.
  • Interactive Traffic - Generates a limited amount of traffic on a network.
  • Connection Setup - System ACK and calls to set up a TCP connection.
  • Maximum Segment Size - MTU is the maximum frame payload size.
  • TCP Retransmission - Ensuring reliability of data, whether the sent data was received or not.
  • Delayed ACK - Ensuring the send buffer is empty due to latencies possible.
  • Nagle Algorithm - Controls traffic congestion.

Scaling in Server Architecture

  • Meeting demand capacity

  • Using load balancing for request distribution

  • Elasticity impact on server configuration & deployment
  • Elasticity impact on server backup & restore

Server Optimization

  • Necessity
    • Web pages load slowly
    • Unresponsive website
    • Ineffective application utilization
    • Huge downtimes
  • Techniques
    • Virtualization - Enables server virtualization for multiple server instances to run.
    • Website Caching - Easier to access data from the cache, better server optimization.
    • CDN - Provides requested data fast from a region cache.
    • Database Optimization - reduce response times of database systems.
    • Reduce the Number of Files - HHTP requests will be reduced by grouping all files under one folder which is to be pulled.
    • Optimize the Size of Images
    • Reduce the Number of Plugins
    • Prefetching Techniques
    • Reduce the Number of Redirects
    • Choose the Right Hosting

Server Clustering


  • Importance
    • Availability
    • Reliability
    • Scalability
  • Types
    • Single Quorum - Multiple nodes with either one or more storage.
    • Majority Node - Each node manages its own copy.
    • Local Quorum - Single node cluster. Used for testing purposes.

Blade Server

  • Benefits
    • Cooling
    • Management Supervisor
    • Low Power Consumption
    • Storage Consolidation
    • Compact Size
    • High-Trust Compatibility
  • Uses
    • File Sharing
    • Web Server & Caching
    • SSL Encryption
    • Transcoding
    • Streaming
    • Load Balancing
    • Virtualization
    • Storage

Layer 2 & 3 Designs

  • Redundancy - Efficiency increases and single point failure removed.

  • Access Layer

  • Loops & Spanning Tree
  • TIP

  • Services

    • Firewalls
    • IDSs
    • Load Balancer
    • SSL
    • Cache

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